Orthodox Confucianism

represented by Confucius and Zhu Xi

has an unfavorable attitude towards games. However

it was not uncommon for ancient Chinese literati to take part in games. Some literati were so enthusiastic that they not only played games but also designed games. To them

games would not necessarily sap their spirit through seeking pleasures. Games could also play positive roles in the society. Games could help relieve pressures and make people cheerful. More importantly

they could edify people in an invisible way

and disseminate knowledge through entertainment. At the same time

designing and writing games were also a means of self-expression for the literati. It created a spiritual world for the literati to place their thoughts and feelings. On the other hand

criticisms against games persisted through the history of China

as there undoubtedly existed games related to gambling and eroticism. Learning from history will help us build a healthier culture of gaming in our time.