The penalty is usually understood as punishment measures which exert a certain mental and physical pains on the offenders through the deprivation of rights or physical damages. However

in the early penalty history of human beings

the derogation was more miserable than property damage or physical pains. The expulsion means the loss of social personality

religion

family

politics

property attached to the identity."Penalty"was closely related to"identity"and constituted an important part of "the identical society and ethical law". Therefore

"identity"is the key to understanding the penal system from the early Chinese civilized history to the Qin and Han Dynasties.